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In linguistics, a stem is a part of a word. The term is used with slightly different meanings. In one usage, a stem is a form to which affixes can be attached. Thus, in this usage, the English word ''friendships'' contains the stem ''friend'', to which the derivational suffix ''-ship'' is attached to form a new stem ''friendship'', to which the inflectional suffix ''-s'' is attached. In a variant of this usage, the root of the word (in the example, ''friend'') is not counted as a stem. In a slightly different usage, which is adopted in the remainder of this article, a word has a single stem, namely the part of the word that is common to all its inflected variants. Thus, in this usage, all derivational affixes are part of the stem. For example, the stem of ''friendships'' is ''friendship'', to which the inflectional suffix ''-s'' is attached. Stems may be a root, e.g. ''run'', or they may be morphologically complex, as in compound words (e.g. the compound nouns ''meat ball'' or ''bottle opener'') or words with derivational morphemes (e.g. the derived verbs ''black-en'' or ''standard-ize''). Hence, the stem of the complex English noun ''photographer'' is ''photo·graph·er'', but not ''photo''. For another example, the root of the English verb form ''destabilized'' is ''stabil-'', a form of ''stable'' that does not occur alone; the stem is ''de·stabil·ize'', which includes the derivational affixes ''de-'' and ''-ize'', but not the inflectional past tense suffix ''-(e)d''. That is, a stem is that part of a word that inflectional affixes attach to. The exact use of the word 'stem' depends on the morphology of the language in question. In Athabaskan linguistics, for example, a verb stem is a root that cannot appear on its own, and that carries the tone of the word. Athabaskan verbs typically have two stems in this analysis, each preceded by prefixes. Uncovering and analyzing cognation between stems and roots within and across languages has allowed comparative philology and comparative linguistics to determine the history of languages and language families. == Citation forms and bound morphemes == (詳細はIn computational linguistics, a stem is the part of the word that never changes even when morphologically inflected, whereas a lemma is the base form of the word. For example, given the word "produced", its lemma (linguistics) is "produce", however the stem is "produc", because there are words such as production.〔http://nltk.sourceforge.net/index.php/Book〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「word stem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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